Что такое инфинитив?
Это основная, словарная форма глагола, которая обычно используется с частицей to. Инфинитив называет действие без указания на время, лицо или число.
Базовая форма: to + глагол (to be, to have, to do, to go)
Без to: после модальных глаголов и некоторых других случаев
| Форма | Активный залог | Пассивный залог | Пример | Использование |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple (Простой) | to do | to be done | I want to help. She wants to be helped. |
Одновременное или будущее действие |
| Continuous (Длительный) | to be doing | to be being done | He seems to be waiting. It must be being repaired. |
Действие в процессе |
| Perfect (Совершенный) | to have done | to have been done | I'm happy to have met you. The work seems to have been finished. |
Действие завершилось до другого |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been doing | to have been being done | He appears to have been working. It might have been being discussed. |
Длительное действие до другого |
Хотеть, планировать, решать:
I want to learn English.She decided to leave early.We plan to travel next year.He hopes to find a job soon.Другие глаголы: wish, expect, intend, promise, agree
Прилагательные + инфинитив:
I'm happy to see you.It's important to study regularly.She was surprised to hear the news.He's ready to start.Другие прилагательные: glad, pleased, easy, difficult, necessary
Too/enough + инфинитив:
It's too late to go out.She's old enough to drive.
Без TO после can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would:
I can speak English.You must study harder.She should see a doctor.We will help you.Исключение: ought to, have to, used to — с TO
You ought to be careful.
После глаголов восприятия (see, hear, watch, feel):
I saw him leave the house.She heard the bell ring.После LET и MAKE:
Let me help you.My parents made me study.После WOULD RATHER / HAD BETTER:
I'd rather stay home.You'd better hurry.
TO — чтобы, для того чтобы:
I went to the store to buy milk.She studies hard to pass the exam.IN ORDER TO (более формально):
He saved money in order to buy a car.SO AS TO (формальный стиль):
We left early so as to avoid traffic.Отрицательная форма: in order not to, so as not to
He spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby.
| Инфинитив цели | Герундий | Разница |
|---|---|---|
| I use this knife to cut bread. | This knife is used for cutting bread. | Цель использования Назначение предмета |
| I went there to see him. | I'm thinking about seeing him. | Конкретная цель Общее намерение |
FOR + герундий для назначения:
This tool is used for opening cans.FOR + существительное для цели:
I went to the store for milk.Правило:
• TO + инфинитив — цель действия
• FOR + герундий — назначение предмета
want, would like, expect, ask, tell + объект + инфинитив:
I want you to help me.She asked him to wait.They told me to come early.We expect you to be on time.WOULD LIKE очень часто используется:
I'd like you to meet my family.
see, hear, watch, feel + объект + инфинитив (без to):
I saw him leave the room.We heard the bell ring.let, make, help + объект + инфинитив (без to):
Let me try.She made him apologize.HELP может быть с TO и без:
Can you help me (to) move this table?После глаголов know, understand, decide, explain:
I don't know what to do.She explained how to use the machine.We need to decide where to go.He showed me what to say.Другие вопросительные слова:
I don't know who to ask.Tell me when to start.She knows which one to choose.
Для выражения сомнения или выбора:
I can't decide whether to go or not.She wondered whether to tell him the truth.We need to know whether to expect them.Разница IF и WHETHER:
Примеры сравнения:
I don't know whether to call him.I don't know if I should call him.
Для выражения предположения о прошлом:
He must have forgotten about the meeting.She can't have seen us.You should have called me.I would have helped if I had known.COULD/MIGHT/MAY + perfect infinitive:
He could have been telling the truth.
Для действия, которое произошло раньше:
I'm glad to have met you.She seems to have lost her keys.He claims to have seen a UFO.They appear to have finished early.После WOULD LIKE / LOVE / PREFER:
I would have liked to have been there.После модальных глаголов:
❌ I can to swim.✅ I can swim.После let/make:
❌ Let me to help you.✅ Let me help you.После глаголов восприятия:
❌ I saw him to leave.✅ I saw him leave.Правило: После can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, let, make, see, hear, watch, feel — БЕЗ TO
После глаголов желания:
❌ I want go home.✅ I want to go home.После прилагательных:
❌ I'm happy see you.✅ I'm happy to see you.Для выражения цели:
❌ I came here learn English.✅ I came here to learn English.Правило: После want, decide, hope, plan, would like, прилагательных — С TO
Шаг 1: Проверь, модальный ли глагол
Шаг 2: Проверь глагол
Шаг 3: Проверь конструкцию
Шаг 4: Определи время
| Ситуация | Форма | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| После модальных глаголов | Без TO | I can swim. |
| После want, hope, decide | С TO | I want to go. |
| Цель действия | to + инфинитив | I study to learn. |
| После прилагательных | С TO | I'm happy to help. |
| После let, make | Без TO | Let me try. |
| Что/как/где делать | wh- + to do | I know what to do. |
| Прошлое действие | to have + V3 | I'm glad to have met you. |
Полезные фразы с инфинитивом:
Примеры:
It's time to go.I have work to do.She was the first to arrive.
1. Основная форма: to + глагол (to be, to have, to do)
2. Без TO после: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
3. Без TO после: let, make, see, hear, watch, feel + объект
4. С TO после: want, hope, decide, plan, promise, agree
5. Для выражения цели: to, in order to, so as to + инфинитив
6. После прилагательных: happy, glad, ready, important + to do
7. Вопросительные слова: what/how/where/whether + to do
8. Perfect Infinitive: to have + V3 для действий в прошлом
9. Сложный объект: want/ask/tell + объект + to do
10. Практикуй различие между случаями с TO и без TO